All particles are categorized into two groups based on their spin and statistical behavior : Fermions Bosons Fermions: Possess half-integer spin (e.g., 1/2, 3/2, 5/2) Follow Fermi-Dirac statistics Obey the Pauli exclusion principle (no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state) Bosons: Possess integer spin (e.g., 0, 1, 2) Follow Bose-Einstein statistics Do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle (multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state) Hadrons are classified based on their spin : Baryons → Have half-integer spin (e.g., 1/2, 3/2)   Mesons → Have integer spin (e.g., 0, 1) Following particles are fundamental particles Leptons Bosons Quarks However, hadrons are not fundamental but composite particles.  In single bracket, we can see the actual meaning / origin of the word from Greek language. Like Meson means intermediate because, Yukawa predicted the mass of meson between electron and proton i.e. about 1836 times of an electron.   Properties of the ...

The final stable products of the thermal fission chain of ²³⁵U (Uranium-235) and ²³⁹Pu (Plutonium-239) are either long lived fission products or stable elements after undergoing multiple beta decays.   Fission Chain Reaction in Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 235 U + n → 92 K r + 141 B a + 3 n + 200  MeV 239 P u + n → 144 B a + 95 K r + 3 n + 200  MeV {}^{239}Pu + n \rightarrow {}^{144}Ba + {}^{95}Kr + 3n + 200 \text{ MeV} {}^{235}U + n \rightarrow {}^{92}Kr + {}^{141}Ba + 3n + 200 \text{ MeV}   Lets see the decay of mass number 141 54 141 X e → 1.7  sec , β − 55 141 C s → 25  sec , β − 56 141 B a → 18  min , β − 57 141 L a → 3.9  hr , β − 58 141 C e → 32.5  d , β − 59 141 P r ( Stable ) {}^{141}_{54}Xe \xrightarrow{1.7 \text{ sec}, \beta^-} {}^{141}_{55}Cs \xrightarrow{25 \text{ sec}, \beta^-} {}^{141}_{56}Ba \xrightarrow{18 \text{ min}, \beta^-} {}^{141}_{57}La \xrightarrow{3.9 \text{ hr}, \beta^-} {}^{141}_{58}Ce \xrightarrow{32.5 \text{ d}...

Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the field of chemistry. It has been awarded since 1901 and recognizes discoveries that have deepened our understanding of chemical processes and advanced science and technology. Key Aspects of the Prize It covers areas like organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and materials science . Some discoveries have led to life-saving medicines, new materials, and environmental solutions . Many Chemistry Nobel Prizes are related to medicine, biology, and physics , showing the connections between scientific fields. Famous Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry Marie Curie (1911) – Discovery of radium and polonium, work on radioactivity. Linus Pauling (1954) – Research on the nature of chemical bonds. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964) – X-ray crystallography of biomolecules, including vitamin B12 and penicillin. Ahm...